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Fundamentals of a DC motor专题配音文案

2022-01-28 15:36:40

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Motorspoweredby?directcurrentarereferredtoasDCmotors.

AsimpleDCmotorconsistsofarectangularloopPQRS,madeofaninsulatedcopperwire.Thisloopisplacedinbetweentwomagnetssuch,thattheplaneoftheloopisparalleltothedirectionofthemagneticfield.Theendsoftheloopareattachedtothetwohalves,XandYofasplitringcommutator.Thesehalvesofthesplitringareinsulatedfromeachotherandaremountedonanaxle,aboutwhichtherotationistotakeplace.Externally,twoconductingstationarybrushesB1andB2keeppressingagainstXandYrespectively.ThesebrushesareconnectedtoaDCsource.Letusnowunderstandhowthisassemblyworks.

LetthecurrentfromthebatteryenterthroughbrushB1,flowthroughtheloopPQRS,andleavethroughbrushB2.Here,thearmsQRandSPdonotexperienceanyforceastheyareeitherparallelorantiparalleltothemagneticfield.Butthearms,PQandRS,whichareperpendiculartothemagneticfield,experienceaforceeach.ThedirectionofthisforcecanbedeterminedusingFleming’slefthandrule.Accordingtothisrule,ifthefirstfingerpointsinthedirectionofthemagneticfieldandthesecondfingerpointsinthedirectionofthecurrentintheconductor,?thenthethumbpointsinthedirectionoftheforceexertedontheconductor.ApplyingthisruleonarmRS,wefindthat,theforceactingonit,pushesitupwards.Now,wemoveontoarmPQtofindthedirectionoftheforceactingonit.Here,wenotice,thatthefirstfingerpointsinthedirectionofthemagneticfield,butthesecondfingerdoesnotpointinthedirectionofcurrent;sowerotatethelefthandsuchthatthesecondfingerpointsinthedirectionofcurrent.Noticethat,inthiscase,thethumbpointsdownwards.ThisimpliesthattheforceactingonarmPQpushesitdownwards.Thus,undertheactionofthesetwoforcesactingonarmsPQandRS,havingdifferentlinesofaction,theloopstartsrotatinganti-clockwise.Justastherotationstarts,armsQRandSParenomoreparalleltothemagneticfield,andhenceareacteduponbytheforcesaswell.But,asthetwoforcesareequalandopposite,andhavethesamelineofaction,theyalwayscanceleachother.

Oncetheloophasrotatedthrough90°,brushesB1andB2losecontactwiththesplitringandthecurrentintheloopiscutoff.Intheabsenceofcurrent,armsPQandRSdonotexperienceanyforce.Thisimpliesthattheloopshouldnotrotateanymore.However,duetorotationalinertia;theloopcontinuestorotatealittlefurthersothatthecontactisre-established.Justasthathappens,thecurrentstartsflowinginthelooponceagainandtheloopcontinuestorotateinthesameanticlockwisedirection.

Onrotatingthrough180°,thatis,afterhalfrotation,armsPQandRSoftheloopgetinterchanged.Now,thesplitringYisincontactwithbrushB1andXwithbrushB2.Therefore,thedirectionofcurrentflowinarmPQgetsreversed.ThishappensinarmRSaswell.Thereversalofcurrentalsoreversesthedirectionofforcesactingonthem.Thus,armPQoftheloop,whichwasearlierexperiencingadownwardforce,nowexperiencesanupwardforce.Likewise,RSexperiencesadownwardforce.Asaresult,theloopcontinuestorotateanticlockwise.Again,whentheloophasturnedthroughanangleof270°,thebrushesandthesplitringlosecontact;butduetorotationalinertiatheloopcontinuestorotatealittlefurthersothatthecontactisestablishedonceagain.Assoonasthathappens,thecurrentstartsflowingandduetotheforcesonarmsPQandRS,theloopcontinuestorotateuntilitcompletesonefullrotationof360°.Thiswholeprocessisrepeatedalargenumberoftimessoastoobtaincontinuousrotationoftheloop.

Rotationalspeedofthemotordependsuponseveralfactors.Noticehowonincreasingthenumberofturnsofthecoil,therotationalspeedincreases.Onincreasingtheareaofthecoil,thespeedfurtherpicksup.Ifthecurrentisincreased,therotationalspeedmountsupfurther.Finally,ifweincreasethestrengthofthemagneticfieldalso,therotationalspeedwilltouchanewhigh.

Inordertoachievehighpower,apracticalDCmotorusesanarmaturecoilconsistingofanumberofcoilsmountedonasoftironcore.Thisarmatureislocatedinbetweentwoormoreelectromagnets.Onpassingcurrentthroughitscoils,thearmaturestartsrotating.Therotatingarmatureturnstheshafttowhichitisattached.Thus,theelectricalenergysuppliedbythesourcegetsconvertedintomechanicalenergy.

Motors,poweredby?directcurrent,arereferredtoasDCmotors.

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